ПОДАТКОВІ ТА ФІНАНСОВІ СТИМУЛИ ЯК ІНСТРУМЕНТИ ДЕКАРБОНІЗАЦІЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ: МІЖНАРОДНИЙ ДОСВІД
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32782/ecovis/2026-1-7Ключові слова:
декарбонізація, вуглецеве ціноутворення, податкові стимули, пільгове кредитування, «зелений» перехід, кліматична політикаАнотація
У статті досліджено міжнародний досвід застосування податкових і фінансових стимулів декарбонізації з метою узагальнення практик, що використовуються в ЄС, США та Японії й окреслення підходів до адаптації зазначених інструментів для України. Виокремлено три групи державних інструментів: цінові стимули, прямі та непрямі стимули фінансової підтримки Доведено, що ефективна декарбонізація забезпечується лише комплементарним застосуванням усіх груп інструментів. На основі статистики сектору електроенергетики ЄС підтверджено зростання частки ВДЕ та зниження вуглецевоємності генерації, що є кількісним свідченням синергетичного ефекту застосованих стимулів. Для України визначено наступні пріоритети: адаптація до вимог кліматичного законодавства ЄС, розробка національної системи торгівлі викидами, запровадження інвестиційних податкових кредитів та розширення пільгового кредитування в контексті повоєнного відновлення.
Посилання
Aliu F., Barbiero G., Bortolotti S., Buono A., Cominetti I., Da Re R. Accelerating industrial decarbonisation: the role of tax incentives. Brussels : European Parliament, 2025. 27 p. URL: https://www.cepweb.org/accelerating-industrial-decarbonisation-the-role-of-tax-incentives/ (дата звернення: 19.02.2026).
Bowen A. Fiscal Incentives for Green Private Investment. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2021. 52 p. URL: https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/961431636143370523/pdf/Fiscal-Incentives-for-Green-Private-Investment.pdf (дата звернення: 19.02.2026).
Climate Scorecard. Japan: 2025 Mid-Year Emissions Report Card. 2025. URL: https://www.climatescorecard.org/2025/08/japan-2025-mid-year-emissions-report-card/
Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/856 supplementing Directive 2003/87/EC with regard to the operation of the Innovation Fund. Official Journal of the European Union. 2019. L 140. P. 6–13. URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32019R0856
Council Directive (EU) 2022/542 of 5 April 2022 amending Directives 2006/112/EC and (EU) 2020/285 as regards rates of value added tax. Official Journal of the European Union. 2022. L 107. P. 1–12. URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32022L0542
Ember. European Electricity Review 2025. London: Ember, 2025. URL: https://ember-energy.org/latest-insights/european-electricity-review-2025/
ESG News. EU Innovation Fund Boosts 61 Net-Zero Projects. 2025. URL: https://www.esgnews.earth/latest-news/eu-innovation-fund-boosts-61-net-zero-projects/15759.html
Eurelectric. Electricity Data Platform. Brussels: Eurelectric, 2025. URL: https://electricity-data.eurelectric.org/
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. The EBRD & Donors: 2023 Report – Highlights. London: EBRD, 2023. URL: https://www.ebrd.com/content/dam/ebrd_dxp/assets/pdfs/donor-co-financing/annual-reports/Highlights-2023.pdf (дата звернення: 19.02.2026).
European Commission. REPowerEU Plan. COM(2022) 230 final. Brussels: European Commission, 2022. URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM:2022:230:FIN
European Commission. Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the functioning of the European carbon market in 2023. Brussels: European Commission, 2024. URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:52024DC0538 (дата звернення: 19.02.2026).
European Environment Agency. Greenhouse Gas Emission Intensity of Electricity Generation in Europe. Copenhagen: EEA, 2025. URL: https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/indicators/greenhouse-gas-emission-intensity-of-1
European Environment Agency. Trends and Projections in Europe 2025: Tracking Progress towards Europe’s Climate and Energy Targets. Luxembourg: EEA, 2025. URL: https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/publications/trends-and-projections-in-europe-2025
European Investment Bank. EIB Group Climate Bank Roadmap 2021–2025: Supporting a green, resilient and inclusive recovery. Luxembourg: EIB, 2020. URL: https://www.eib.org/attachments/thematic/eib_group_climate_bank_roadmap_en.pdf (дата звернення: 19.02.2026).
Fikru M. G., Ahmed B. M., Daher W. Optimal policies for decarbonization via carbon capture: Tax, subsidize, or both? Economic Modelling. 2025. Vol. 153. Article 107319. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2025.107319
GR Japan. Update on GX Plans. Tokyo: GR Japan, 2024. URL: https://grjapan.com/sites/default/files/content/articles/files/january_2024_gr_japan_update_on_gx_plans.pdf
Heimberger P. The new EU fiscal framework: implications for public spending on the green and digital transition. Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies Policy Notes and Reports. 2025. No. 94. URL: https://wiiw.ac.at/the-new-eu-fiscal-framework-implications-for-public-spending-on-the-green-and-digital-transition-dlp-7281.pdf (дата звернення: 19.02.2026).
Internal Revenue Service. Clean Electricity Investment Credit. Washington, D.C.: IRS, 2024. URL: https://www.irs.gov/credits-deductions/clean-electricity-investment-credit
Japan Bank for International Cooperation. JBIC Integrated Report 2025. Tokyo: JBIC, 2025. URL: https://www.jbic.go.jp/en/information/annual-report.html (дата звернення: 19.02.2026).
Regulation (EU) 2023/956 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 May 2023 establishing a carbon border adjustment mechanism. Official Journal of the European Union. 2023. L 130. P. 52–104. URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32023R0956
RIETI. Japan’s GX (Green Transformation) Policy. Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry, 2024. URL: https://www.rieti.go.jp/en/columns/a01_0755.html
Shi Y., Ge J. The role of government fiscal and tax incentives in green technology innovation and enterprise development: implications for human health and hygiene. Frontiers in Public Health. 2025. Vol. 12. Article 1502856. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1502856
TaiyangNews. Netherlands SDE++ 2024 Allocation Results. 2024. URL: https://taiyangnews.info/markets/netherlands-sde-2024-allocation-results
The Climate Watch. US carbon emissions rise 2.4% in 2025, report says. 2025. URL: https://theclimatewatch.com/us-carbon-emissions-rise-2-4-in-2025-report-says/
Thiemann M., Mocanu A. Evaluating the EU’s financial instruments for the green transformation: Accountability, Deliberation and Policy Steer. Paris: Sciences Po, 2024. 22 p. URL: https://www.sciencespo.fr/chair-sustainable-development/files/WP_ThiemannMocanu_EvaluatingEUFI.pdf (дата звернення: 19.02.2026).
U.S. Department of the Treasury. How the Inflation Reduction Act’s Tax Incentives Are Ensuring All Americans Benefit from the Growth of the Clean Energy Economy. Press Release. Washington, D.C.: Treasury, 2024. URL: https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy1830
World Bank. State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2025. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2025. URL: https://hdl.handle.net/10986/43277 (дата звернення: 19.02.2026).
Крутоголова І., Браверман В. Економіко-екологічні аспекти декарбонізації енергетичної галузі. Економіка та суспільство. 2022. № 38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32782/2524-0072/2022-38-72
Aliu F. et al. (2025) Accelerating Industrial Decarbonisation: The Role of Tax Incentives. Brussels: European Parliament. Available at: https://www.cepweb.org/accelerating-industrial-decarbonisation-the-role-of-tax-incentives/ (accessed February 19, 2026).
Bowen A. (2021) Fiscal Incentives for Green Private Investment. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Available at: https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/961431636143370523/pdf/Fiscal-Incentives-for-Green-Private-Investment.pdf (accessed February 19, 2026).
Climate Scorecard (2025) Japan: 2025 Mid-Year Emissions Report Card. Available at: https://www.climatescorecard.org/2025/08/japan-2025-mid-year-emissions-report-card/
Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/856 supplementing Directive 2003/87/EC with regard to the operation of the Innovation Fund. Official Journal of the European Union, L 140, pp. 6–13. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32019R0856
Council Directive (EU) 2022/542 of 5 April 2022 amending Directives 2006/112/EC and (EU) 2020/285 as regards rates of value added tax. Official Journal of the European Union, L 107, pp. 1–12. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32022L0542
Ember (2025) European Electricity Review 2025. London: Ember. Available at: https://ember-energy.org/latest-insights/european-electricity-review-2025/
ESG News (2025) EU Innovation Fund Boosts 61 Net-Zero Projects. Available at: https://www.esgnews.earth/latest-news/eu-innovation-fund-boosts-61-net-zero-projects/15759.html
Eurelectric (2025) Electricity Data Platform. Brussels: Eurelectric. Available at: https://electricity-data.eurelectric.org/
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (2024) The EBRD & Donors: 2023 Report – Highlights. London: EBRD. Available at: https://www.ebrd.com/content/dam/ebrd_dxp/assets/pdfs/donor-co-financing/annual-reports/Highlights-2023.pdf (accessed February 19, 2026).
European Commission (2022) REPowerEU Plan. COM(2022) 230 final. Brussels: European Commission. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM:2022:230:FIN
European Commission (2024) Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the functioning of the European carbon market in 2023. Brussels: European Commission, Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:52024DC0538 (accessed February 19, 2026).
European Environment Agency (2025) Greenhouse Gas Emission Intensity of Electricity Generation in Europe. Copenhagen: EEA. Available at: https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/indicators/greenhouse-gas-emission-intensity-of-1 (accessed March 1, 2026).
European Environment Agency (2025) Trends and Projections in Europe 2025: Tracking Progress towards Europe’s Climate and Energy Targets. Luxembourg: EEA. Available at: https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/publications/trends-and-projections-in-europe-2025
European Investment Bank (2020) EIB Group Climate Bank Roadmap 2021–2025: Supporting a Green, Resilient and Inclusive Recovery. Luxembourg: EIB. Available at: https://www.eib.org/attachments/thematic/eib_group_climate_bank_roadmap_en.pdf (accessed February 19, 2026).
Fikru M. G., Ahmed B. M., Daher W. (2025) Optimal policies for decarbonization via carbon capture: Tax, subsidize, or both? Economic Modelling, vol. 153, article 107319. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2025.107319.
GR Japan (2024) Update on GX Plans. Tokyo: GR Japan. Available at: https://grjapan.com/sites/default/files/content/articles/files/january_2024_gr_japan_update_on_gx_plans.pdf
Heimberger P. (2025) The new EU fiscal framework: implications for public spending on the green and digital transition. Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies Policy Notes and Reports, no. 94. Available at: https://wiiw.ac.at/the-new-eu-fiscal-framework-implications-for-public-spending-on-the-green-and-digital-transition-dlp-7281.pdf (accessed February 19, 2026).
Internal Revenue Service (2024) Clean Electricity Investment Credit. Washington, D.C.: IRS. Available at: https://www.irs.gov/credits-deductions/clean-electricity-investment-credit
Japan Bank for International Cooperation (2025) JBIC Integrated Report 2025. Tokyo: JBIC. Available at: https://www.jbic.go.jp/en/information/annual-report.html (accessed February 19, 2026).
Regulation (EU) 2023/956 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 May 2023 establishing a carbon border adjustment mechanism. Official Journal of the European Union, L 130, pp. 52–104. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32023R0956
RIETI (2024) Japan’s GX (Green Transformation) Policy. Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry. Available at: https://www.rieti.go.jp/en/columns/a01_0755.html
Shi Y., Ge J. (2025) The role of government fiscal and tax incentives in green technology innovation and enterprise development: implications for human health and hygiene. Frontiers in Public Health, vol. 12, article 1502856. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1502856
TaiyangNews (2024) Netherlands SDE++ 2024 Allocation Results. Available at: https://taiyangnews.info/markets/netherlands-sde-2024-allocation-results
The Climate Watch (2025) US carbon emissions rise 2.4% in 2025, report says. Available at: https://theclimatewatch.com/us-carbon-emissions-rise-2-4-in-2025-report-says/
Thiemann M., Mocanu A. (2024) Evaluating the EU’s Financial Instruments for the Green Transformation: Accountability, Deliberation and Policy Steer. Paris: Sciences Po. Available at: https://www.sciencespo.fr/chair-sustainable-development/files/WP_ThiemannMocanu_EvaluatingEUFI.pdf (accessed February 19, 2026).
U.S. Department of the Treasury (2023), How the Inflation Reduction Act’s Tax Incentives Are Ensuring All Americans Benefit from the Growth of the Clean Energy Economy. Press Release. Available at: https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy1830
World Bank (2025) State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2025. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Available at: https://hdl.handle.net/10986/43277 (accessed February 19, 2026).
Krutoholova I., Braverman V. (2022) Ekonomiko-ekolohichni aspekty dekarbonizatsii enerhetychnoi haluzi [Economic and ecological aspects of decarbonization of the energy sector]. Ekonomika ta suspilstvo – Economy and Society, no. 38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32782/2524-0072/2022-38-72 (in Ukrainian)
##submission.downloads##
Опубліковано
Як цитувати
Номер
Розділ
Ліцензія
Авторське право (c) 2026 Андрій Глущенко
Ця робота ліцензується відповідно до Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
